Digital rights are one of the features and characteristics of the immediate era, which emerged as a result of the contemporary information revolution and is based on modern technology and advanced technology that helped transfer and process information until it became a major and influential factor in all aspects of social, economic, cultural, scientific and legal life, and an influential element in thinking patterns and problem-solving at the level the individual and the group, and the information revolution led to the emergence of those who misuse information systems illegally, which led to the emergence of the information cybercrime space, which affects human rights in general and digital rights in particular, and it is worth noting that digital human rights have received world-class attention after The prevalence and spread of the Internet since the nineties of the last century, specifically the year 1991, when a rapid qualitative shift occurred in the field of information technology after the Internet was limited to some reliable institutions such as universities for the purposes of conducting studies and scientific research until the Internet became widespread and global.
First - Definition of Digital Rights:
Digital rights are human rights applied in the digital field, as DW AKADEMIE defines digital rights as the right to have the opportunity to use the Internet and digital technology freely and in a safe manner,
The Arab Center for the Development of Social Media “7amleh” and the Association for Progressive Communications “APC” defined digital rights or Internet rights as an extension of human rights in the real world, and these rights are recognized, protected and promoted under international laws and treaties, as the same rights that people enjoy in The real world must be enjoyed in the virtual reality,
Through the previous definitions, we are assured that digital human rights are an extension of human rights derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and consistent with the contents of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966, as most international resolutions in this regard stipulate that the same rights enjoyed by people In the real world, it must be protected online as well.
Second - International legal regulation of digital human rights:
Section I: Resolution of the United Nations General Assembly:
The United Nations General Assembly issued the first UN resolution on 7/11/2013 entitled The Right to Private Life in the Digital Age.
Section Two: APC Internet Rights Charter:
This charter was issued in February 2010 in the city of Prague - Czech Republic, and this charter focused on the right to access the Internet for all and freedom of expression and organization, as well as the right to privacy and Internet governance and the promotion of awareness and the implementation of rights, and this charter emphasized that the ability to share information and communicate freely from Through the Internet is essential in order to promote digital human rights in support of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Section Three: Declaration of the World Summit on the Information Society under the auspices of the United Nations:
This declaration was issued in December 2003 in Geneva, Switzerland, and this global summit was held with the participation of a number of governments and civil society institutions. This Declaration on the close link between the Internet and human rights, as this Declaration emphasized the right to freedom of expression using information technology, and the World Summit was held again in the city of Tunis - Republic of Tunisia in November 2005 and emphasized the principles of the Declaration towards building the information society.
Section IV: The United Nations Human Rights Council:
The United Nations Human Rights Council, at its regular session “twentieth session” in July 2012, issued Resolution No. 13 regarding the promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet.
Section V: United Nations General Assembly Resolution on the Right to Privacy in the Digital Age:
This resolution was issued under No. 68/167 of 2014 by the General Assembly of the United Nations, and by virtue of this resolution, the right to privacy was affirmed, and this resolution considered that every operation involving monitoring or interception of communications is illegal and inconsistent with the right to privacy over the Internet, and affirmed However, the monitoring of communications must be within an organized legal framework consistent with human rights.
Section VI: Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance:
This meeting issued the Sao Paulo Declaration, and this meeting took place in Brazil in April 2014, and this declaration affirmed the human right to digital privacy and the prohibition of any arbitrary or illegal interference with human privacy via the Internet.
Section VII: Declaration of Digital Democracy HRDO Center:
This declaration was issued for the year 2017, and this declaration dealt with ten rights as follows:
The right to open access to the Internet.
The right to strong social networks.
The right to share digital television.
The right to unrestricted communications.
The right to privacy online.
Right to common RF.
The right to devices and equipment free of restrictions.
The right to software free of restrictions.
The right to a public digital service.
The right to public websites across the web.
Section Eight: The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966:
This International Covenant was affirmed under Article 15 of it as follows:
The right to participate in cultural life.
The right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications.
The right to protect the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic work.
Section IX: The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966:
As this covenant confirmed under Article 19 of it, paragraph 2, that “every person has the right to freedom of expression. This right includes his freedom to seek, receive and impart all kinds of information and ideas to others, regardless of frontiers, whether in written or printed form, in the form of art, or by any other means of his choice.
Section Ten: The African Declaration of Internet Rights and Freedoms:
This declaration was issued in 2014 as an African initiative with the aim of creating conditions in line with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and with the aim of promoting digital rights.
Section Eleven: The agenda for the next five years issued by the European Union:
In February 2020, the European Union announced the protection of digital rights within the framework of the future of digital human rights and emphasized the protection of the right to digital privacy.
Third - Characteristics of digital human rights:
Digital rights have several features that distinguish them from other human rights, which are as follows:
Digital human rights are evolving and renewable rights.
Digital human rights are absolute and not restrictive in themselves.
Digital human rights are complementary and interdependent rights.
Digital human rights are universal rights for all human beings.
Digital human rights are universal because they are available to all users and members of society.
Digital human rights are subjective, relative and variable.
Fourth - Types of digital human rights:
First: The Right to Digital Privacy:
The right to digital privacy was mentioned initially in the international resolution issued by the United Nations General Assembly, and Al-Faqih defined “Al-Anwasten” in 1967 as the right of individuals to determine when, how, and to what extent information about it reaches others. This type of privacy is of an innovative form related to information. The jurist “Miller” defined it as the ability of individuals to control the cycle of information related to them, and the right to digital privacy is generally defined as “a description of the protection of personal data of individuals, which is published and circulated through digital media, and personal data is represented in e-mail and personal photos.” Digital bank accounts and all personal data related to a person, such as age, residence, gender, hobbies, and work, which are circulated by individuals through their personal accounts via social networking sites, mobile phones, or any other means of digital transportation. The right to digital privacy includes the protection of the Internet, its privacy, and the protection of information.
Second: The right to digital anonymity:
This right is embodied in the right of every individual on the Internet to remain anonymous so that he is not obliged to disclose his digital identity, provided that this does not conflict with public order or the freedoms and rights of others.
Third: The right to digital oblivion:
This right means that every individual on the Internet has the right to modify, change, erase or withdraw all data or information that pertains to him through digital means of transmission without conflicting with the rights of third parties or public order, and this right requires the commitment of the persons responsible for the websites Not to save such data for a period exceeding the purpose for which it was collected and to respect the rights of individuals to forget their personal data. Delete it or erase it when he wants to do so.
Fourth: The Right to Digital Freedom of Expression:
This right is subject to the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the two International Covenants on Human Rights under the section on the right to freedom of expression, and this right requires that every person exercise his right to express his opinion without conflicting with the rights and freedoms of others or public order, and digital freedom of expression is considered One of the highest rights advocated by laws, which must be protected and nurtured, given the violation of this right by the ruling authorities and regimes under the unjust laws that are enacted under the item of anti-cybercrime laws.
Fifth: The Right to Encryption:
The United Nations report, according to the first UN resolution issued on the promotion of the right to digital privacy, confirmed the right to encryption as the most important right to protect freedom of opinion and expression in the digital age. comprehensible to others,
In cybersecurity, cryptography is defined as the conversion of data from a readable format into an encrypted format. Encrypted data can only be read or manipulated after it has been decrypted.
Sixth: The right to electronic security:
The right to electronic security refers to a set of technologies used to protect the integrity of networks, programs and data from attack, damage and unauthorized access.
The term cybersecurity is called cybersecurity, and cybersecurity is defined as the process of protecting systems, networks, and programs against digital attacks. These cyberattacks usually aim at accessing, altering, or destroying sensitive information. For the purpose of extorting money from users or interrupting normal business operations.
Seventh: Right to obtain information:
The right to obtain information is considered one of the most prominent features and features of the digital revolution, as the world of the Internet has created equal opportunities for all people in terms of access to the Internet and the possibility of acquiring digital means of transportation, so the right to obtain information is one of the digital human rights, and any denial of access to Information is considered a violation of a human right in the digital age, and the right to obtain information is considered one of the basic rights and freedoms stipulated in laws and constitutions.
Eighth: The right to a digital identity:
The digital identity represents one of the digital human rights, and it is called the Internet identity, and it is defined as a social identity that the Internet user establishes in communities and websites, although some people choose to use their real names online, some Internet users prefer to be anonymous, and know themselves by pseudonyms, which reveal varying amounts of personally identifiable information, and online identification may be established by a user's relationship to a particular social group of which they are a part online.
Ninth: The right to digital safety:
This right is considered one of the basic digital rights that most definitions of digital rights affirm, and this right refers to the need for data via digital media to be intact, real, secure and accurate against any modification attempts by unauthorized users.
Tenth: The Right to Manage Digital Rights:
This right is expressed under the digital rights management system, and the digital rights management system is a system aimed at protecting the property rights of digital media and preventing unauthorized redistribution of them, and the primary goal of digital rights management is to prevent pirates from accessing your content, and it adopts Most of the world's companies, institutions and governments have a digital rights management system.
Eleventh: The Right to Digital Communication:
This right is considered one of the basic rights and is commonly used and circulated by all users of digital means of transportation, and this right provides for the right of all users to communicate via the Internet and social networking sites of all kinds, and depriving a user of this right is a violation of digital human rights.
Twelfth: The Right to Digital Use:
This right is considered one of the fundamental rights from which the idea of digital rights stems, so that this right refers to enabling every person or user to access the Internet and use digital means of transportation, and any restriction or prevention of using the Internet is considered a criminal act and contrary to the essence of digital human rights. For example, the management of Facebook recently has restricted many accounts and users and even restricted their right to express their opinions for illegal reasons, which entails a violation of the right to digital use.
Thirteenth: The Right to Digital Knowledge:
This right refers to the right of each Internet user to participate, create digital content and digital libraries, and obtain assessment as well as competence in computational reasoning.